Kab mob coronavirus (COVID-19) kis ceev tau tshawb nrhiav cov kev tswj ib puag ncig kom muaj los yog txo qhov kev kis mob ntawm tus mob hnyav ua rau muaj tus kabmob coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lub luag haujlwm rau tus kabmob. SARS-CoV-2 feem ntau yog kis ntawm ib tug neeg mus rau lwm tus los ntawm kev sib chwv nrog cov mob ua pa loj, txawm yog ncaj qha lossis kov cov chaw muaj kab mob (tseem txhais tau tias fomites) thiab tom qab ntawd kov lub qhov muag, qhov ntswg lossis qhov ncauj. Ib qho tseem ceeb, muaj qhov pov thawj ntau zuj zus ntawm tus kab mob kis tau los ntawm cov kab mob ua pa uas qhov ua pa loj loj ua pa tawm thiab ua rau cov dej ntws tawm uas tuaj yeem ua pa rau ob peb teev. Ua raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom saum npoo thiab ib puag ncig, fomites tuaj yeem sib kis tau ob peb hnub (van Doremalen, 2020). Kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob UV hluav taws xob (GUV) yog qhov kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem txo qis kev sib kis thiab kis tau ntawm huab cua kom kis tau tus kab mob sib kis (zoo li cov kab mob thiab kab mob). GUV nyob rau hauv qhov ntsuas UV-C (200 nm – 280 nm), feem ntau 254 nm, tau siv tau zoo thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ntau dua 70 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, GUV yuav tsum tau paub kom meej nrog kev siv tsim nyog los ntawm koob tshuaj thiab kev nyab xeeb. Daim Ntawv thov GUV tsis tsim nyog tuaj yeem nthuav qhia tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab teeb meem kev nyab xeeb thiab tsim kom tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj dab tsi ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm sib kis. Daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv tsev tsis pom zoo thiab GUV yuav tsum tsis txhob siv los tua cov tawv nqaij, tshwj tsis yog thaum kho hauv tsev kho mob.
GUV yog dab tsi?
Ultraviolet hluav taws xob yog qhov ntawd ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo hluav taws xob uas muaj ntau lub zog (luv dua lub yoj luv) dua li pom hluav taws xob, uas peb tau pom dua li lub teeb. GUV yog ultraviolet hluav taws xob uas yog siv rau kev tua kabmob.
Raws li kev txheeb raws roj ntsha ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob rau cov khoom siv roj ntsha, ultraviolet spectrum tau muab faib ua cov cheeb tsam: UV-A tau txhais los ntawm CIE raws li hluav taws xob nyob hauv qhov ntev ntawm 315 nm thiab 400 nm; UV-B yog hluav taws xob hauv qhov ntev ntawm 280 nm thiab 315 nm; thiab UV-C wavelength ntau yog nruab nrab ntawm 100 nm thiab 280 nm. UV-C ntu ntawm UV spectrum muaj lub zog ntau tshaj plaws. Txawm tias nws muaj peev xwm ua kom puas tsuaj rau qee cov kab mob me me thiab kab mob nrog feem ntau ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob spectrum, UV-C yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab chaw pib UV-C feem ntau siv raws li GUV.
Qhov yuav tsum tau muaj lub hnub ci rau kev txiav tawm tus neeg ua mob kis tau los ntawm 90% (hauv huab cua lossis saum npoo av) yog nyob ntawm ib puag ncig puag ncig (xws li cov av noo) thiab hom kev sib kis tau. Nws feem ntau nyob nruab nrab ntawm 20 J / m2 thiab 200 J / m2 rau cov teeb meem mercury feem ntau emitting hluav taws xob ntawm 254 nm (CIE, 2003). Yav dhau los, GUV ntawm 254 nm tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev ntxuav cov chaw uas muaj kab mob Ebola (Sagripanti thiab Lytle, 2011; Jinadatha li al., 2015; Tomas et al., 2015). Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia qhov ua tau zoo ntawm GUV thaum lub sijhawm muaj mob khaub thuas kis mob hauv Tsev Kho Mob Livermore Veterans (Jordan, 1961). Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias kev tshawb fawb txuas mus, tam sim no tsis muaj ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm GUV tiv thaiv SARS-CoV. 2.
Thov siv GUV rau kev tua kab mob
UV-C tau siv rau kev ua tiav rau kev ua kom dej zoo rau ntau xyoo. Ntxiv mus, UV-C kev faib tshuaj tawm tsis tu ncua yog suav nrog cov huab cua tuav tswj kom tswj tau tsim kom muaj biofilms thiab ua kom cua huv (CIE, 2003).
Txog thaum qhia cov ntaub ntawv polymer hauv chaw kho mob thiab muaj tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, UV-C qhov chaw tau siv nyob hauv ntau lub teb chaws los tua cov kev ua haujlwm theatre thiab lwm chav pw hmo ntuj. Tsis ntev los no, muaj kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm kev txaus siab rau kev siv tag nrho chav chav UV-C raug cov khoom siv rau cov chaw kho mob uas xav ua kom cov cua tsis huv thiab cov chaw nkag tau hauv chav. Xws li cov khoom siv tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv chav hauv chav tshwj xeeb rau ib lub sijhawm, lossis lawv tuaj yeem ua cov chav nyob sib hloov uas txav mus ncig thaj chaw ib puag ncig kom txo cov duab ntxoov ntxoo. Txhawm rau kev ntxuav cov dej saum npoo av, ntxiv rau qhov kev xaiv tso UV-C qhov chaw nyob rau hauv chav, nws muaj peev xwm tso UV-C qhov chaw nyob ze rau saum npoo.
Muaj tsawg ntawm kev siv UV-C rau kev tua kab mob ntawm tus kheej cov khoom tiv thaiv thaum muaj kev sib kis tau tshawb nrhiav hauv qee lub tebchaws (Jinadatha li al., 2015; Nemeth li al., 2020).
Muaj cov pov thawj loj hlob ntxiv tias kev siv UV-C los ua qhov txuas rau kev ntxuav tus kheej hauv tsev kho mob tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev coj ua, txawm hais tias cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws tseem yuav tsum tau tsim kho nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntsuas cov qauv.
Cov pa hluav taws xob sab saud UV-C feem ntau yog ntsia saum taub hau-qhov siab hauv cov chav thiab ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua kom ntxuav cov pa ntawm cov pa. Cov peev txheej no tau siv dhau los ua tiav kev tswj tus kab mob ntsws (Mphaphlele, 2015; Escombe et al., 2009; DHHS, 2009). Raws li kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov txheej txheem, World Health Organization (WHO) tau pom zoo siv cov chav GUV sab saud los ua kev tiv thaiv kab mob kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob (WHO, 2019).
Qee qhov kev tshawb pom pom tau hais tias qhov ua haujlwm ntawm sab qaum-UV UV-kev faib tawm yog nyob ntawm tus txheeb ze noo, ntsuas kub thiab huab cua ncig (Ko li al., 2000; Peccia li al., 2001). Escombe li al. (2009) tau kawm chav sab saud GUV nyob hauv cov tsev kho mob hauv tsev kho mob tsis zoo huab cua nyob hauv Lima, Peru, thiab pom qhov txo qis txaus ntshai yuav kis tau tus mob ntsws, txawm hais tias tus neeg mob siab txog 77%.
Kev phom sij thaum siv UV-C
Cov neeg feem coob tsis tau raug rau UV-C ib txwm: UV-C los ntawm lub hnub feem ntau tau lim tawm ntawm huab cua, txawm tias nyob ntawm qhov chaw siab (Piazena and Häder, 2009). Tib neeg raug UV ‑ C feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom neeg tsim. UV-C tsuas nkag rau txheej txheej sab nraud ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab tsis ncav lub hauv paus txheej txheej ntawm daim tawv nqaij, nws tsis nkag mus tob dua li txheej txheej sab hauv lub qhov muag ntawm lub qhov muag. Tshaj tawm ntawm lub qhov muag mus rau UV-C tuaj yeem ua rau photokeratitis, qhov kev mob siab heev uas pom tau tias zoo li xuab zeb tau xeb rau lub qhov muag. Photokeratitis cov tsos mob yuav siv sijhawm li 24 teev tom qab kis tau tus kab mob thiab yuav tsum tau siv li 24 teev ntxiv rau lawv ib leeg.
Thaum cov tawv nqaij raug rau qib UV-C, erythema (daim tawv nqaij liab zoo ib yam li tshav kub) tuaj yeem txhim kho tau (ISO / CIE, 2019). Feem ntau erythema tsis mob tsawg dua li cov nyhuv ntawm UV ‑ C ntawm lub qhov muag. Txawm li cas los xij, UV-C-induced erythema tuaj yeem ua rau tsis pom kev zoo li dermatitis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws tsis paub tias muaj keeb kwm UV-C raug tsis ntev los no. Muaj qee cov pov thawj uas rov ua dua ntawm daim tawv nqaij rau qib UV-C uas ua rau erythema tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev (Gläser et al., 2009).
Ultraviolet hluav taws xob feem ntau pom tias yog cov kab mob tua kabmob (ISO / CIE, 2016), txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj pov thawj tias UV-C ib leeg ua rau mob qog nqaij hlav rau tib neeg. Cov Txheej Txheem Tshaj Lij Tshaj Xwm CIE 187: 2010 (CIE, 2010) sib tham txog cov lus nug thiab xaus lus: "thaum UV hluav taws xob los ntawm cov kua roj teeb hluav taws xob qis UVGI tau pom tias yog cov kabmob carcinogen, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij kheesxaws tsawg dua li kev pheej hmoo los ntawm lwm qhov chaw (xws li lub hnub) uas ib tus neeg ua haujlwm yuav raug kis tas li. UV tua kab mob kev tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb thiab muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev siv huab cua sab saud tsis muaj teeb meem loj rau ncua ntev yuav tshwm sim xws li mob qog nqaij daim tawv. "
Kev taw qhia txog kev ua haujlwm rau UV hluav taws xob suav nrog UV-C hluav taws xob tau muab los ntawm International Commission ntawm Tsis-Ionizing Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws Xob (ICNIRP, 2004): UV hluav taws xob dhau los ntawm kev tiv thaiv qhov muag / daim tawv nqaij yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 30 J / m2 rau hluav taws xob ntawm 270 nm, lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag ntawm lub teeb ua kom lub ntsej muag lub cev ua rau actinic UV phom sij rau cov tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag. Raws li qhov kev phom sij cuam tshuam ntawm UV hluav taws xob nyob ntawm yoj ntev, qhov siab tshaj plaws qhov kev txwv tsis pub tshaj rau hluav taws xob ntawm wavelength 254 nm yog 60 J / m2. Txog rau cov pa hluav taws xob ntawm 222 nm qhov siab tshaj plaws (actinic UV phom sij) qhov kev sib kis tau yog siab dua, nyob ib ncig ntawm 240 J / m². Lub koob nthwv dej no tau kawm txog kev tua kab mob hauv (Buonanno li al., 2017; Welch li al., 2018; Narita li al., 2018; Taylor li al., 2020; Yamano li al., 2020). Cov txheej txheem ua ntej (niaj hnub) UV raug txwv tau muab nyob rau hauv IEC / CIE tus qauv rau photobiological kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom (IEC / CIE, 2006).
Cov khaub thuas UV-C feem ntau tseem tso tawm hluav taws xob uas suav nrog ntau lub yoj ncig sab nraud UV-C. Qee cov khoom lag luam UV-C ntxiv rau UV-B lossis UV-A, thiab qee qhov chaw tua kab mob UV-tshaj tawm tias yog UV-C qhov chaw kuj tseem tsis tuaj yeem tshaj UV-C. Raws li kev kis tus mob UV los ntawm cov khoom lag luam zoo li no yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij mob ntshav, tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau ua los txo qhov kev pheej hmoo no. Hauv kev siv, UV qhov chaw ruaj ntseg sab hauv ductwork rau recirculated huab cua lossis siv rau qhov dej kom tsis muaj menyuam yuav tsum tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis rau tib neeg. Thaum ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam UV-tiv thaiv tsis zoo, cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum hnav cov khoom tiv thaiv tus kheej xws li khaub ncaws muaj kev lag luam (piv txwv li cov ntaub hnyav), thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntsej muag (piv txwv li daim npog ntsej muag) (ICNIRP, 2010). Cov ntsej muag tshuab pa tas nrho (CIE, 2006) thiab kev tiv thaiv tes los ntawm hnab looj tes pov tseg (CIE, 2007) kuj tseem tiv thaiv UV.
Kev ntsuas ntsuas ntawm UV-C
Kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas hauv UV-C feem ntau ua rau siv cov ntsuas hluav taws xob UV-C radiometers. Qhov zoo, txhua lub ntsuas hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau ntsuas los ntawm lub chaw ntsuas uas tau pom zoo rau ISO / IEC 17025 (ISO / IEC, 2015), yog li qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas pom tau rau hauv International System of Units (SI) (BIPM, 2019a; BIPM, 2019b) Cov. Ntxiv mus, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas daim ntawv qhia lub calibration thiab siv cov kev hloov kho uas muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv qhia thaum siv lub ntsuas. Daim ntawv qhia kev ntsuas ntsuas feem ntau tsuas yog siv tau rau UV-C qhov siv hauv qhov ntsuas lub zog; cov teeb meem tseem ceeb yuav tshwm sim thaum ntsuas lwm hom khoom siv nrog ntsuas. Feem ntau ntsuas qhov ntsuas nruab nrab feem ntau ua tiav siv 254 nm emission kab ntawm lub tshuab nqus muaj cov kua mercury. Yog tias qhov ntsuas ntsuas tom qab ntawd siv los ntsuas UV kis nrog lub voos kab hluav taws xob (qhov ntev) uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm 254 nm, qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev ntsuas tsis zoo rau lub kaum ntawm ib xees. Qee qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob UV-C hauv qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ntsuas kom pom txog cov yoj hluav taws xob uas tsis yog 254 nm, piv txwv rau siv nrog UV LED qhov chaw lossis cov teeb tsa hluav taws xob.
Thaum lub ntsuas hluav taws xob UV hluav taws xob ntsuas, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov kev ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas kom nug tus neeg siv li cas ntawm cov khoom siv yuav raug ntsuas nrog qhov ntsuas, yog li ntawd qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas yuav tau ntsuas siv qhov chaw uas muaj qhov zoo sib xws spectral li cov khoom siv rau ntsuas los ntawm tus neeg siv, txhawm rau txo cov teeb meem tsis zoo no. CIE 220: 2016 (CIE, 2016) muab kev taw qhia rau qhov ua kom pom thiab ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm UV hluav taws xob. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv txog kev ntsuas ntsuas ntawm cov ntsuas hluav taws xob tsis zoo muaj nyob rau hauv (ICNIRP / CIE, 1998). Tam sim no, CIE thiab ICNIRP tab tom npaj kev qhia online ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm ntsuas hluav taws xob thiab nws qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuab photobiological (CIE / ICNIRP, 2020).
Cov neeg siv khoom lag luam
Raws li tam sim no COVID-19 kis mus rau thoob plaws ntau, ntau cov khoom siv UV-C cog lus tias muaj kev tua kab mob tsis huv rau ntawm cov chaw thiab huab cua tau tso rau hauv khw. Kev qhia tshwj xeeb txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg siv khoom yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov koom haum thoob ntiaj teb xws li International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), thiab tsis tau muab los ntawm CIE. Xws li, Cov Lus Cog Tseg no tsuas hais txog qhov teeb meem dav ntawm kev siv nyab xeeb thiab siv hluav taws xob UV hluav taws xob rau kev tua kab mob kev tua kab mob. Cov khoom muaj rau cov neeg siv khoom yuav zoo li kev lag luam ua cov tes ua haujlwm. CIE muaj kev txhawj xeeb tias cov neeg siv ntawm cov khoom siv zoo li no yuav kis tau cov teeb meem ntawm UV-C. Ntxiv mus, cov neeg siv khoom siv tuaj yeem siv / lis cov khoom lag luam UV tsis tsim nyog (thiab yog li tsis ua tiav kev tua kab mob zoo) lossis lawv yuav yuav cov khoom lag luam uas tsis tso tawm UV ‑ C.
Lus pom zoo cov ntsiab lus
Cov khoom uas tso tawm UV-C tau siv txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tua kab mob ntawm huab cua thiab chaw lossis ua kom tsis huv ntawm dej. CIE thiab LEEJ TWG ceeb toom rau kev siv UV teeb pom kev zoo lub teeb rau paug tshuaj ntxuav tes lossis lwm qhov chaw ntawm daim tawv nqaij (WHO, 2020), tshwj tsis yog saib xyuas kev ncaj ncees. UV-C tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj thiab yog li tsuas yog siv cov khoom tsim kho kom raug raws li cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb, lossis hauv cov xwm txheej tswj tau qhov chaw muaj kev nyab xeeb yog thawj qhov tseem ceeb, kom ntseeg tau tias cov kev txwv kis raws li teev hauv ICNIRP (2004) thiab IEC / CIE (2006) tsis dhau. Txhawm rau kev ntsuas UV kom raug thiab kev tswj hwm pheej hmoo, ntsuas ntsuas UV kom tsim nyog yog qhov tseem ceeb.
